一. Inkcazelo yomaleko wengca
Iumaleko wengcayi-organic matter entsha, engaxutywanga, eyomileyo nebolileyo eyenziwe kukuqokelelwa kwamagqabi afileyo, iziqu kunye neengcambu zengca eyomileyo. Umaleko wengca unokwahlulwa ube ziileya ezimbini. Umaleko ophezulu ngumaleko wengca entsha, olumaleko wezinto ezimthubi-mdaka kwimeko engaxutywanga okanye engaxutywanga; umaleko ongezantsi ngumaleko wengca ebolileyo, olumaleko wendalo owenziwe kukuwohloka kwengca entsha. Ubukhulu bomaleko wengca yi-6 mm. Xa ingca efileyo ishiya, iziqu kunye neengcambu zengca eyomileyo ziqokelelana ezantsi, ezinye ii-microorganisms eziqala ukubola ziqala ukwanda. Ezi microorganisms ikakhulu zisebenzisa ii-compounds ezilula ukubola, iiproteni, ii-amino acids, iiswekile, njl.njl. njengemithombo yazo ye-carbon kunye ne-nitrogen yesondlo. Emva kokuba ezi zinto zibolile, ii-microorganisms ziqala ukubola ezo compounds ze-organic ezinzima ukubola. Ukuba umaleko wengca utyebile kakhulu, uya kwenza umaleko ongenakungena. Emva kwemvula nokunkcenkceshela, kunzima ukuba amanzi angene ezantsi, ngaloo ndlela enze umaleko wamanzi agcweleyo kumaleko wengca. Xa abantu benyathela kuyo, amanzi aya kuphuma emhlabeni, ukuze amanzi angaphantsi komhlaba angabuyeli kwimingxuma ye-capillary. Nje ukuba umaleko wengca wome, ingca iya kubuna, kwaye ukunkcenkceshela kakhulu kuya kudala umjikelo onzima.
Ukuba umaleko wengca ujiyile kakhulu uya kuchaphazela ukuthamba kwengca, ukubuyela kwebhola ewela emhlabeni, amandla okukhusela ubushushu bomhlaba (ukunyuka nokuwa kobushushu bomhlaba), kunye nokuvuleka kwengca. Ngokukodwa, ukuvela kwezinye izifo, ezifana nesifo se-dollar spot, kunxulumene ngokuthe ngqo nobukhulu obugqithisileyo bomaleko wengca.
Isantya sokwakheka komaleko wotyani asihambelani nje kuphela nohlobo lwengca yotyani, kodwa sinxulumene ngokuthe ngqo nemisebenzi yabantu, iintlobo kunye nenani leentsholongwane ezisemhlabeni, kunye neentlobo kunye nokuphindaphindwa kokuchumisa. Umzekelo, ukuba kufakwa isichumiso senitrogen eninzi, ingca iya kukhula ngokukhawuleza kwaye ukucheba rhoqo kuya kuba rhoqo, nto leyo eya kwenza umaleko wotyani ngokulula.
Isantya sokubola komaleko wengca sinxulumene nokuba iziqwenga zengca ziqokelelwe na, inani leentsholongwane eziluncedo emhlabeni, umxholo weoksijini emhlabeni, kunye nomxholo wamanzi. Ukuba isantya sokubola komaleko wengca sikhawuleza, ngoko ke isantya sokuqokelelwa kwayo sicotha. Ukongeza, umlinganiselo wekhabhoni/nitrogen kwizinto ezifana namasebe afileyo, amagqabi, kunye neengcambu nako kubaluleke kakhulu. Ngenxa yokuba ukwandisa umlinganiselo wekhabhoni/nitrogen kunokukhawulezisa inani leentsholongwane emhlabeni, ukuze ingca entsha efileyo ikwazi ukonakaliswa ngokukhawuleza ibe zizinto ezimnyama ezivuthiweyo, isantya sokuwohloka komaleko wengca siya kukhawuleziswa.
Impembelelo yomaleko wengca kwizichumisi nakwizibulali-zinambuzane
Ukuba umaleko wengca utyebile, uya kuchaphazela impembelelo yezichumisi, ingakumbi izichumisi ezikhupha kancinci, kuba izichumisi ezikhupha kancinci zikhutshwa kancinci phantsi kwempembelelo yeentsholongwane, kwaye iimeko zokuphila zeentsholongwane ezikumaleko wengca azintle, kwaye inani leentsholongwane lilinganiselwe, ngoko ke impembelelo yesichumisi ekhupha kancinci ayinakusetyenziswa kakuhle. Xa umaleko wengca utyebile, kukho iintsholongwane ezithile ezibangela izifo kuwo, kwaye umaleko wengca unamandla amakhulu okufunxa izibulali-zinambuzane, ngoko ke kunzima ukuba izibulali-zinambuzane zingene emhlabeni onzulu, kwaye kunzima nokuthintela nokulawula iintsholongwane emhlabeni.
Enye. Amanyathelo olawulo
1. Okokuqala, khetha ezo ntlobo zengca yotshani ezingelulanga ukuzenza umaleko wengca, okanye uphinde utyale imbewu okanye utyale imbewu kwiintlobo ezintsha ezingelulanga ukuzenza umaleko wengca kwiintlobo zokuqala.
2. Ukuphakama kokusika utyani kufuneka kube kulungelelene, kwaye ingca akufuneki ichetywe ibe sezantsi kakhulu. Ukongeza, iziqwenga zengca ezisikiweyo kufuneka zisuswe endle ngexesha elifanelekileyo.
3. Ukusetyenziswa kakhulu kwesichumiso se-nitrogen kuya kubangela ukuba ingca ikhule kakhulu kwaye ibe nkulu kakhulu, nto leyo eya kukhawulezisa ukwakheka komaleko wengca.
4. Ezinye izibulali-zinambuzane zichaphazela imisebenzi yeentsholongwane emhlabeni. Imisebenzi yeentsholongwane inokukhawulezisa ukubola komaleko wengca, ngoko ke musa ukusebenzisa izibulali-zinambuzane ezinexesha elide elishiyekileyo.
Ukubola komaleko wengca kugqitywa ziintsholongwane. Ukuba i-fungicide ayikhethwanga ngokufanelekileyo, ixesha elide lesiphumo esishiyekileyo liya kuchaphazela inani leentsholongwane emhlabeni, ngaloo ndlela kunciphisa izinga lokubola komaleko wengca.
四. Ukukhawulezisa ngokungekho mthethweni ukubola komaleko wengca efileyo
Kubaluleke kakhulu ukudala ngobuchule imeko-bume evumela ukubola kwengca efileyo, enokulawulwa ngeendlela ezifana nokugrumba, ukunqumla iingcambu, ukugquma, kunye nokusebenzisa isichumiso sendalo.
1. Indlela yoomatshini: Sebenzisaisixhobo sokusika ingcaukucheba ingca, umsiki weengcambu wokucheba ingca, kunye nokubhoboza umngxuma wokungenisa umoya kwingca ukuze iziqwenga zengca ezifileyo kunye neengcambu zengca zibe zincinci kwaye zicolile. Kwangaxeshanye, iziqwenga zengca ezincinci kunye nomhlaba zixutywe ngokupheleleyo ukuze kwandiswe umxholo weoksijini emhlabeni, nto leyo enceda ekukhuleni kweentsholongwane.
2. Indlela yokusebenzisa iintsholongwane: Okwangoku, uphando lwezenzululwazi lufumanise intsholongwane enokubolisa ngempumelelo umaleko wengca efileyo. Iintsholongwane zinokutshizwa emhlabeni ukuze iintsholongwane zande emhlabeni kwaye zikhawulezise ukubola komaleko wengca efileyo.
3. Indlela yokugquma isanti Ungagquma umaleko wengca efileyo ngesanti ukuze kube lula ukuzala kweentsholongwane. Ingakumbi kumantla eenkundla, inani elikhulu lamagqabi atyheli nafileyo, iziqu kunye neengcambu ziya kuqokelelana phantsi kwesiseko seziqu zengca ekwindla. Ukugquma isanti kunokugquma iziqu ezifileyo kunye namagqabi abolileyo kwaye kukhawulezise ukubola kwengca enqunqiweyo. Xa ugquma isanti, sebenzisa isanti ecolekileyo kwaye usebenzise inani elincinci namaxesha amaninzi ukunciphisa izinga lokuqokelelwa kwengca efileyo, ingakumbi kwingca yengca yexesha elibandayo xa ikhula.
4. Ukusebenzisa izichumisi zendalo Ukusebenzisa izichumisi zendalo kunokunyusa inani leentsholongwane emhlabeni kwaye kufake ezinye izinto ezikhuthaza ukwanda kweentsholongwane zomhlaba (ezifana neevithamini, iiswekile, kunye neeproteni). Xa kugrunjwa entwasahlobo, umlinganiselo wekhabhoni/nitrogen weziqu ezifileyo kunye namagqabi abolileyo kufuneka uhlalutywe kwilebhu. Ukuba ayihlangabezani neemfuno, isichumisi se-nitrogen kufuneka songezwe ngokufanelekileyo, nto leyo eya kwandisa umxholo weentsholongwane kwaye ikhawulezise ukubola komaleko wengca efileyo.
Ixesha leposi: Septemba-20-2024