Njengeyona nxalenye ibalulekileyo yebala legalufa, uhlaza luneemfuneko ezingqongqo kakhulu zomgangatho wengca. Nokuba ingca eluhlaza ityalwe kakuhle okanye ayityalwanga kunxulumene ngokuthe ngqo nokuba ingahlangabezana neemfuno ezifanelekileyo zabadlali kunye nobunzima bokugcina ulondolozo nolawulo oluphezulu lwendalo kwixesha elizayo. Ke ngoko, ukusekwa nokugcinwa ngokufanelekileyo kokubekaingca eluhlazakubaluleke kakhulu. Amanyathelo okwakha achazwe ngezantsi:
一. Ukulungiselela ibhedi yeqonga
Emva kokuba kugqityiwe ukubumba uhlaza, umxube womaleko weengcambu ubekwe, kwaye umsebenzi wokuphucula umhlaba ugqityiwe ngexesha lokulungiselela umxube womaleko weengcambu. Ke ngoko, akukho projekthi yokwakha ibhedi ethe tyaba ngexesha lenkqubo yokusekwa kwengca eluhlaza. Ukulungisa ibhedi eluhlaza kufuna ukulungiswa kwexabiso le-pH yomhlaba, ukubulala iintsholongwane kwibhedi, ukufaka isichumiso esisisiseko, kunye nokuthambisa umphezulu wohlaza.
1.Ukulungiswa kwexabiso le-pH yomhlaba okwindawo ethe tyaba: Uninzi lomsebenzi wokulungisa i-pH kufuneka ugqitywe ngaphambi kokutyala. Izinto zokulungisa kufuneka zixutywe ubuncinane kwinxalenye ephezulu yomaleko weengcambu ubunzulu obuyi-10 ukuya kwi-15cm. Ilitye le-limestone lezolimo lisetyenziswa kakhulu kumhlaba one-asidi. Ukulungisa amasuntswana amancinci kuyanceda ekuphenduleni kwayo ngokukhawuleza. I-Marble isetyenziswa kumhlaba one-asidi equlethe i-iron kunye ne-magnesium. I-Sulfur isetyenziswa ngokubanzi kumhlaba one-alkaline eninzi. Ubungakanani be-aggregate esetyenzisiweyo busekelwe kwiziphumo zovavanyo lomhlaba. Ukuba umxube womaleko weengcambu uyafana kwaye uxutywe ngokufanelekileyo, izinga elisetyenziswa kuzo zonke izityalo eziluhlaza kufuneka lifane. Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba izinto zokulungisa zinokuxutywa emva kokuba umxube womaleko weengcambu ubekwe kwindawo, okanye zingongezwa xa umxube womaleko weengcambu uxutywe. Le ndlela yokugqibela iqinisekisa ukuba yonke into ixutywe kakuhle kumxube womaleko weengcambu ukuze kulungiswe i-pH, kodwa kunokwenzeka ukufaka inani elikhulu lezinto.
2. Unyango lokubulala iintsholongwane kwibhedi ethe tyaba: Unyango lokubulala iintsholongwane kwibhedi ethe tyaba yinkqubo yonyango lweekhemikhali kwibhedi eluhlaza ethe tyaba ukubulala imbewu yokhula, iintsholongwane ezibangela izifo, amaqanda ezinambuzane kunye nezinye izinto eziphilayo emhlabeni. Ukubulala iintsholongwane yindlela esebenzayo yokubulala iintsholongwane emhlabeni. Izinto ezisetyenziswa rhoqo ziquka i-methyl bromide, i-chloride, i-methyl bromide, njl. Ukutyala kungenziwa kwiintsuku ezi-2 ukuya kwezi-5 emva kokubulala iintsholongwane. Ukuba ibhedi eluhlaza kufuneka ibulawe iintsholongwane kuxhomekeke kwimeko ethile. Ngokubanzi, kufuneka kwenziwe kwezi meko zilandelayo: ① Iindawo ezichaphazeleka yi-nematode ② Iindawo ezinokhula oluninzi ③ Umhlaba ongacocwanga uxutywa kumaleko weengcambu.
3. Faka isichumisi esisisiseko: Phantse zonke iileya zeengcambu eziluhlaza kufuneka zifake isixa esithile sesichumisi esisisiseko ngaphambi kokutyala. Uhlobo lwesichumisi esisisiseko kunye nobungakanani obufunekayo bokusetyenziswa kufuneka kumiselwe ngokweemfuno zohlobo lwengca kunye neziphumo zovavanyo lomxholo wezondlo zomhlaba. Izichumisi ze-P kunye ne-K zezona zichumisi zimbini ziphambili kwisichumisi esisisiseko. Ukuba ileya yeengcambu ikakhulu yintlabathi, idla ngokungabi nazinto zibalulekileyo.
Isichumiso esisisiseko kufuneka sisetyenziswe kumaleko weengcambu ubude obuyi-10 ukuya kwi-15cm phezu komhlaba, kwaye sixutywe ngokulinganayo nomxube womaleko weengcambu. Ngamanye amaxesha isiseko sisetyenziswa xa kusenziwa umxube womaleko weengcambu.
Ibhedi ethe tyaba nethambileyo: Emva kokuba kufakwe isichumiso esisisiseko, umphezulu webala eliluhlaza kufuneka uthambeke kakuhle ukuze kwenziwe ibhedi ethe tyaba emanzi enesakhiwo esirhabaxa kwaye kungabikho maqhuqhuva omhlaba. Kufuneka kuthathwe unonophelo olukhethekileyo xa kulungiswa ibhedi yethayile ukuze kukhuselwe yonke inxalenye encinci yemilo eluhlaza eyilwe ngumyili, kugcinwe imo yayo yokuqala, kwaye kwenziwe unyango lokuxinana ukuze kwenziwe umphezulu webhedi yethayile ube mnene, uthambe kwaye ulingane.
二Ukutyala
Kukho iindlela ezimbini ezisisiseko zokwakha uhlaza lwebala legalufa elitsha: ukusasazwa kwembewu kunye nokusasazwa kwezityalo, apho ukusasazwa kwezityalo kunokwahlulwahlulwa zibe ziindlela ezine: ukusasazwa, ulawulo lokutyala, ukutyala iiplagi kunye nokutyalwa kweziqu. Zombini ezi ndlela zingasetyenziselwa i-bentgrass, kodwa i-bermudagrass eguquliweyo (eyiparadesi) inokusasazwa kuphela ngendlela yezityalo. Imifuno eluhlaza ye-bentgrass yenziwe kakhulu ngembewu. Isizathu esisisiseko kukuba ingabizi kwaye ilula. Ukusoda kuyacetyiswa xa iluhlaza kufuneka lwakhiwe kwakhona ngokukhawuleza ukuze luphinde lusetyenziswe, kodwa i-sod esetyenzisiweyo kufuneka ikhuliswe kumhlaba ofana nomaleko wengcambu eluhlaza.
Ukutyala kufuneka kuqalwe emva kokuba umaleko omtsha wengcambu uzinzile ngokupheleleyo. Sebenzisa isixhobo sombane ukucinezela ibhedi. Nokuba kukutyala imbewu okanye ukutyala imizimba yezityalo, eyona nto ibalulekileyo ngexesha lenkqubo yokuphumeza kukukhusela imiphetho yomphezulu kunye nokugcina umphezulu uthambile kangangoko kunokwenzeka. Ngoku siza kuchaza ngakumbi ngayo kwiinkalo ezimbini ezahlukeneyo: ixesha lokutyala kunye nendlela yokutyala.
Ixesha lokutyala: Ixesha lokutyala ingca libaluleke kakhulu ekwenzeni ingca efanayo ngokukhawuleza. Eminye imisebenzi ekwibala legalufa kufuneka idale iimeko ezilungileyo kwiprojekthi yokutyala ingca ukuze ukutyala ingca kuqhutywe ngexesha elifanelekileyo. Eyona nto ichaphazela ixesha lokumiselwa kwengca ziimeko zobushushu. Ubushushu obufanelekileyo bokuhluma kwembewu yengca ye-turf epholileyo yi-15-28°C, kwaye ubushushu obufanelekileyo bokuhluma kwembewu yengca ye-turf efudumeleyo yi-21-35°C. Ubushushu obufanelekileyo bokukhula kwezithole yi-25°C.～35℃. Ixesha elifanelekileyo lokutyala i-turfgrass yexesha elipholileyo liqala ekupheleni kwehlobo ukuya ekuqaleni kwekwindla, ukuze izithole zibe nexesha elaneleyo lokukhula nokukhula zibe yingca ngaphambi kokuba kufike ubusika. I-turfgrass yexesha elipholileyo ingatyalwa ukususela ekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo ukuya ekuqaleni kwehlobo. Nangona kunjalo, ngenxa yobushushu obuphantsi bomhlaba, uphuhliso lwengca ezintsha lucotha, kwaye ingca ezincinci kufuneka zidibane noxinzelelo olubi lokusingqongileyo kulo lonke ihlobo. I-turfgrass yexesha elipholileyo ayityalwa ehlotyeni. . Ixesha elifanelekileyo lokutyala i-turfgrass yexesha elifudumeleyo liqala ekupheleni kwentwasahlobo ukuya ekuqaleni kwehlobo, elingaboneleli nje kuphela ubushushu obuhle bokuhluma kwembewu, kodwa likwabonelela ngexesha elide lokukhula nophuhliso kwizityalo ezincinci.
2. Iindlela zokutyala: Ukusasazwa kwembewu kunye nokusasazwa kwesiqu zezona ndlela zisetyenziswa kakhulu ekusekweni kwengca eluhlaza kwiindawo zokudlala igalufa. Imifuno eluhlaza ekhula nge-bentgrass ityalwa ngembewu, ngelixa imifuno eluhlaza ye-bermudagrass ifaneleka kakhulu ekuhlwayelweni kwesiqu. Indlela yokugawula kunye nokufaka i-turf isetyenziselwa ukuhlaziya imifuno eluhlaza kunye nokutshintsha imifuno efileyo kwimifuno eluhlaza, ukuze kufezekiswe injongo yokuguqula imifuno ibe yiflethi ngokukhawuleza kwaye isetyenziselwe ukusetyenziswa ngokukhawuleza.
2.1 Ukutyala imbewu: Kukho iindlela ezintathu ekufuneka ziqwalaselwe xa kuhlwayelwa imbewu kwiindawo eziluhlaza: ubunzulu bokuhlwayela, ukufana kokutyala kunye nesimo sokufakelwa kwembewu. Imbewu yengca erhubuluzayo incinci kakhulu kwaye ifuna ubunzulu bokuhlwayela obunganzulu, ngokubanzi yi-2 ukuya kwi-5mm. Ukuhlwayela nzulu kakhulu kuya kunciphisa izinga lokuvela kwembewu; nokuba ukuhlwayela kuyalingana kubaluleke kakhulu ekwakhekeni kwengca eluhlaza ngokukhawuleza nangokulinganayo. Ukuze uqinisekise ukugqunywa kwembewu ngokulinganayo. Kwindawo eluhlaza, ungahlulahlula uluhlaza lube ziindawo ezincinci ezininzi, uhlwayele kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo, kwaye uhlwayele kumacala amabini athe nkqo. Ukuba imbewu ityalwe ngokupheleleyo kuya kuchaphazela ukuhluma kwembewu kunye nezinga lokusinda kwezithole. Emva kokuhlwayela, sebenzisa. Iirola zicinezela ibhedi ethe tyaba ukuqinisekisa ukunxibelelana okusondeleyo phakathi kwembewu nomhlaba. Ngokubanzi, iirola ezinobunzima obuyi-0.5 ~ 0.8t zifanelekile ngakumbi. Ukongeza, ngexesha lenkqubo yokuhlwayela, kufuneka kunikwe ingqalelo ekunciphiseni inani labantu abahamba kwibhedi eluhlaza ukuze kuthintelwe ukunyathela kakhulu kwibhedi eluhlaza.
Ukuhlwayela kungenziwa ngesandla okanye ngomatshini. Xa kuhlwayelwa ngesandla, umxube weengcambu eziluhlaza kunye nembewu zingaxutywa ngokulinganayo ngomlinganiselo othile, uze emva koko zisasazwe ngesandla. Ukuxuba imbewu nesanti kuya kunceda ukusasaza imbewu ngokulinganayo. Ukuhlwayela ngomatshini kungenziwa kusetyenziswa ii-push seeders, ii-hand seeders okanye ii-hydraulic sprayers. Ukubeka izityalo eziluhlaza kudla ngokuhlwayelwa nge-hand-push seeder. Ngexesha lokusebenza, kufuneka kuqwalaselwe isantya sokuhamba esifanayo, kwaye ubungakanani bembewu ye-seeder kufuneka bulungiswe ngokufanelekileyo ukuze kufezekiswe injongo yokuhlwayela ngokulinganayo. Ukuze kuncitshiswe imizila yeenyawo eshiyekileyo kwindawo eluhlaza,izithombo ze-hydraulicngamanye amaxesha zisetyenziselwa ukuhlwayela imbewu eluhlaza. Nokuba kuhlwayelwa ngoomatshini okanye ngesandla, kufuneka kwenziwe kwimozulu engenamoya, kwaye kufuneka kuthathwe unonophelo ukuthintela ukuba imbewu ingahlwayelwa ngaphandle kohlaza.
Ukunkcenkceshela nge-sprinkler kufuneka kwenziwe kwangoko emva kokutyala. Kubalulekile ukugcina umphezulu umanzi ngexesha lokutyala ukuthintela imbewu ukuba ingomi kwaye ingaphulukani namandla ayo okuhluma.
2.2 Ukutyala isiqu namasebe: Iindlela ezenziwe ngesandla okanye zemishini nazo zingasetyenziswa ukuhlwayela ama-stolons namasebe eluhlaza. Inkqubo yendabuko yokutyala imifuno eneziqu namasebe yile ilandelayo:
① Sika iziqu namasebe zibe ziziqu ezimfutshane ezinobude obuyi-2 ukuya kwi-5cm;
② Fafaza isiqingatha seziqu kunye namasebe kwindawo eluhlaza;
③Sebenzisa i-roller ukuqengqa isiqu kunye namacandelo amasebe ukuze adibane ngokupheleleyo nebhedi ethe tyaba;
④Gquma ngomxube weengcambu eziluhlaza ukuze ubukhulu bube yi-2 ukuya kwi-5 mm;
⑤ Sebenzisa i-roller ukuqengqa amasebe ukuze adibane ngokupheleleyo nomhlaba kwaye wenze umphezulu ube mpuluswa.
Xa usebenzisa iziqu kunye namasebe okuhlwayela ukwakha ithala, kufuneka kuqwalaselwe ngokukodwa ukugcina iziqu kunye namasebe etsha. Zonke iziqu kunye namasebe kufuneka zityalwe zingadlulanga iintsuku ezi-2 emva kokuvuna. Ubushushu obufanelekileyo, ukufuma kunye nomoya kufuneka kugcinwe ngexesha lokugcina. Amasebe atyheli ngenxa yobushushu kwaye omile ngenxa yokulahlekelwa ngamanzi kufuneka aqokelelwe. Akufanele asetyenziswe ekuhlwayeleni imbewu.
2.3 Ubungakanani bokuhlwayela (isiqu): Ubungakanani bokuhlwayela ingca buxhomekeke kakhulu kwizinto ezifana nokucoceka kwembewu, izinga lokuhluma kunye nobunzima bembewu. Ngaphambi kokuhlwayela, izalathisi ezifana nezinga lokuhluma kwembewu kunye namandla embewu kufuneka zivavanywe ukuze kuchongwe izinga elifanelekileyo lokuhlwayela. Izinga elifanelekileyo lokuhlwayela imbewu yengca eluhlaza kufuneka libe ngendlela yokuba izityalo ezincinci zengca zifikelele kwi-15,000 ukuya kwi-25,000 yezityalo ngemitha yesikwere. Akukho mgangatho ungqongqo wovavanyo lwezinga lokuhlwayela iingcambu kunye namasebe, kwaye ngokubanzi lumiselwa ngokusekelwe kumava.
2.4 Ukutyala ingca: Ukutyala kudla ngokusetyenziswa kuphela ekuvuseleleni nasekuvuseleleni okuluhlaza. Le ndlela ayisetyenziswa rhoqo xa kutyalwe ingca eluhlaza okokuqala. Ingca esetyenziselwa ukufakelwa kufuneka ibe ngumaleko omnye wezityalo oqulethe uhlobo olufanelekileyo olungenakhula kwaye lube nohlobo lomhlaba wengcambu olufana nohlobo lomhlaba wengcambu wohlaza oluza kutyalwa kuwo ingca. Ingca ebekwe eluhlaza idla ngokunqunyulwa ibe ziingceba ezisicaba ze-0.6m×0.6m, kwaye ubukhulu besikhumba nomhlaba akufuneki budlule kwi-1.5cm. La manqaku alandelayo kufuneka anikwe ingqalelo xa kubekwa ingca eluhlaza: ① Xa kubekwa ingca, iibhloko zengca phakathi kwemigca kunye nemigca kunye neekholamu kufuneka zijikeleziswe ukuze kuthintelwe ukuba imithungo phakathi kweebhloko zengca ingabi ngumgca othe tye. ② Lumka xa uthutha iziqwenga zengca ukuze uphephe ukunwebeka okanye ukukrazula ingca. ③ Nika ingqalelo ekhethekileyo ekuqinisekiseni ukuba imiphetho yeebhloko ezimbini zengca ezikufutshane idibene ngokusondeleyo kwaye ayinamthungo, kwaye ayinakugqithana. ④ Ngexesha lenkqubo yokutyala, kufuneka kubekwe amabhodi enziwe ngomthi ukuze abantu bahambe kuwo ukuze baphephe ukunyathela kakhulu kwindawo eluhlaza.
Emva kokuba utyani lubekwe, ndlala isanti uze uyilinganisele kwiindawo ezithile ezinemibhobho engasebenzi kakuhle ukuze umphezulu wengca ube mtyibilizi kwaye uthe tyaba. Emva koko, cinezela uze unkcenkceshele. Ukunkcenkceshela ngexesha elifanelekileyo kubaluleke kakhulu ekukhuleni kakuhle kwengca. Ukususela ngoku, qho ngeveki, kufuneka kufakwe umhlaba omncinci kumphezulu ngokwengingqi. Izinto zomhlaba ezisetyenziswa kumphezulu kufuneka zifane nomhlaba okwindawo engaphantsi komhlaba.
Ixesha leposi: Julayi-05-2024