Imigaqo yeukugcinwa kwengcazezi: ziyafana, zicocekile kwaye azinazo izinto ezingcolileyo, kwaye zihlala ziluhlaza unyaka wonke. Phantsi kweemeko eziqhelekileyo zolawulo, ingca eluhlaza inokwahlulwa ibe ngamanqanaba amane ngokwexesha lokutyala. Elokuqala kukutyalwa ukuya kwinqanaba elipheleleyo, elibhekiselele ekutyalweni kokuqala kwengca kunye nenqanaba lokutyala ukuya kunyaka omnye okanye ukugubungela ngokupheleleyo (100% kugcwele ngaphandle kwendawo evulekileyo), elikwabizwa ngokuba linqanaba elipheleleyo. Elesibini linqanaba lokukhula okuchumayo, elibhekiselele kwiminyaka emi-2-5 emva kokufakelwa, elikwabizwa ngokuba lixesha lokuchuma. Elesithathu linqanaba lokukhula okucothayo, elibhekisela kwiminyaka emi-6-10 emva kokufakelwa, elikwabizwa ngokuba linqanaba lokukhula okucothayo. Elesine linqanaba lokubola, elibhekisela kwiminyaka eli-10-15 emva kokufakelwa, elikwabizwa ngokuba lixesha lokubola. Phantsi kwenqanaba eliphezulu lokugcinwa nolawulo, ixesha lokubola kwengca linokulibaziseka ngeminyaka emi-5-8.
1. Ulawulo lwenqanaba lokubuyela kwimeko yesiqhelo
Ngokweemfuno zoyilo kunye nenkqubo, umandlalo wengca esandul’ ukutyalwa kufuneka ususwe imbewu yokhula kunye neengcambu zengca, uzaliswe ngumhlaba ococekileyo, ukrwelwe ngokuthe tyaba kwaye uxinaniswe ube ngaphezu kwe-10 cm ngaphambi kokuba kufakwe ingca. Kukho iintlobo ezimbini zokuxinanisela: ukuxinanisela ngokupheleleyo kunye nokuxinanisela okuncinci. Ngokubanzi, isikwere sengca engama-20 × 20 cm sisetyenziselwa amabala anqabileyo. Ibala elipheleleyo alinaxesha lokuphelelwa lixesha kwaye linexesha lokuphinda libuye leentsuku ezisi-7-10 kuphela. Kuthatha ixesha elithile ukuba i-50% yendawo evulekileyo yamabala anqabileyo izalise. Ukuxinanisela entwasahlobo kunye ne-I ... Iingcambu zengca kufuneka zibe kufutshane nomhlaba. Futha amanzi kube kanye ngokuhlwa kangangeeveki ezimbini okanye ezimbini emva kokugalela. Emva kweeveki ezimbini, futha amanzi kube kanye emva kweentsuku ezimbini kuxhomekeke kwixesha lonyaka kunye neemeko zemozulu, ikakhulu ukuze kufume.
Faka isichumiso rhoqo emva kweveki ukuya kwiinyanga ezintathu emva kokutyala. Sebenzisa isisombululo se-urea esiyi-1-3% kunye nokunkcenkceshela kunye nokutshiza. Nyibilikisa kuqala uze utyebe. Ukususela ngoku, sebenzisa iikhilogram ezi-4-6 ze-urea ngehektare nganye kanye ngenyanga. Faka ulwelo ngeentsuku zemvula. , faka ulwelo ngemini enelanga, kwaye usebenzise umatshini wokusika ingca xa ingca ifikelela kwi-8-10 cm ubude. Ukukhupha ukhula kufuneka kwenziwe kwangethuba emva kwesiqingatha senyanga emva kokutyala, okanye ekupheleni kukaJanuwari. Xa ukhula luqala ukukhula, yimba kwaye uncothule ingca ngexesha, kwaye uyicinezele emva kokumba ukuze ungaphazamisi ukukhula kwengca ephambili. Ingca esandula ukutyalwa ngokubanzi ayinazo izifo kunye nezinambuzane kwaye ayifuni lawulo lukhethekileyo. Ukuze kukhawuleziswe ukukhula, i-0.1-0.5% ye-potassium dihydrogen phosphate inokunkcenkceshelwa kwaye itshizwe kwixesha elizayo.
2. Ulawulo kwixesha elide
Unyaka wesibini ukuya kowesihlanu emva kokutyalwa kwengca lixesha lokukhula ngamandla. Ingca ehonjisiweyo ikakhulu iluhlaza, ngoko ke kugxininiswa ekuyigcineni iluhlaza. Ukulawula amanzi, vula iziqu zengca kwaye uqinisekise ukuba umhlaba womile kodwa awumhlophe kwaye umanzi kodwa awunamabala. Umgaqo kukwenza wome entwasahlobo nasehlotyeni kwaye umanzi ekwindla nasebusika. Isichumisi kufuneka sifakwe kancinci kwaye sincinci, sincinci ukususela ngo-Epreli ukuya kuSeptemba wonyaka kwaye singaphezulu kuzo zombini iziphelo. Sebenzisa iikhilogram ezi-2-4 ze-urea nge-mu nganye emva kokucheba ingca. Ngexesha lokukhula okuphezulu, lawula isichumisi kunye namanzi ukulawula izinga lokukhula, kungenjalo inani lamaxesha okucheba liya kwanda kwaye iindleko zokugcina ziya kwanda. Ukucheba yeyona nto iphambili kweli nqanaba. Ukuphindaphinda kokucheba kunye nomgangatho wokucheba kunxulumene nokonakala kwengca kunye neendleko zokugcina. Kucetyiswa ukulawula inani lokucheba ingca ukuya kwi-8-10 amaxesha ngonyaka, kunye nomyinge wesinye ngenyanga ukusuka ngoFebruwari ukuya kuSeptemba, kwaye kube kanye kwiinyanga ezimbini ukusuka ngo-Okthobha ukuya kuJanuwari wonyaka olandelayo. Iimfuno zobugcisa zokucheba ingca: Okokuqala, ubude bengca obungcono yi-6-10 cm. Ukuba ingaphezulu kwe-10 cm, inganqunyulwa. Xa ingaphezulu kwe-15 cm, "iziduli zengca" ziya kuvela kwaye ezinye iindawo ziya kuba njengeehaki. Ngeli xesha, kufuneka inqunyulwe. Okwesibini kukulungiselela ngaphambi kokusika. Qinisekisa ukuba amandla omatshini wokusika utshani aqhelekile, ukuba incakuba yengca ibukhali kwaye ayonakalanga, kwaye ingca icocekile amatye amancinci kunye nenkunkuma. Okwesithathu kukusebenzisa umshini wokusika utshani. Lungisa umgama wencakuba ube yi-2-4 cm ukusuka emhlabeni (ukusika utshani okuncinci ngexesha elide, ukusika utshani okuphezulu ekwindla nasebusika), qhubela phambili ngesantya esingaguqukiyo, kwaye ububanzi bokusika buhlangana nge-3-5 cm ngalo lonke ixesha ngaphandle kokuphosa ukusika. Okwesine, coca amagqabi engca ngokukhawuleza emva kokusika, kwaye ufumise kwaye utyale umgquba.
3. Ulawulo lwamanqanaba acothayo namaxesha amade
Izinga lokukhula kwengca kwiminyaka eyi-6-10 emva kokutyalwa liye lehla, kwaye amagqabi afileyo kunye neziqu ziyanda minyaka le. Ukubola kweengcambu kuqheleke ukubakho ngamaxesha ashushu nafumileyo, kwaye kusengozini yokonakala yiDigitonus (i-shaving bug) ekwindla nasebusika. Ingqwalasela yomsebenzi kukunika ingqalelo ekuthinteleni nasekulawuleni izinambuzane nezifo. Kuye kwabonwa ukuba emva kweentsuku ezintathu zokugalelwa kwamanzi okuqhubekayo, iingcambu ziya kuqala ukubola. Emva kokuba amanzi ekhutshiwe, kusekho ubomi. Emva kweentsuku ezisixhenxe zokugalelwa kwamanzi okuqhubekayo, ngaphezulu kwe-90% yeengcambu ziya kuba zibolile kwaye ziphantse zingabi nabomi, ngoko ke ingca kufuneka iphinde ivuthwe. Nangona kuya kubakho ukubola kweengcambu okuncinci kwiintsuku ezi-1-2 zokugalelwa kwamanzi, ubushushu obuphezulu kunye nokufuma emva kokukhupha amanzi kuya kwenza kube lula ukuzala kwezifo kwaye kukhokelele ekwandeni kokubola kweengcambu. Sebenzisa i-thiophanate okanye i-carbendazim amaxesha angama-800-1000 kwaye utshize indawo enesifo amaxesha ama-2-3 (tshiza kanye emva kweentsuku ezi-2-10) ukuthintela nokulawula ukubola kweengcambu. Iincukuthu ezindala zisika isiseko sengca phezu komhlaba, zenze amabala omileyo. Indawo iyanda imihla ngemihla, ibangela umonakalo okhawulezileyo kwaye ibangele iindawo ezinkulu zomile. Ngexesha lokuhlolwa, kufuneka ucoce ingca ukuze ufumane iincukuthu. Kubalulekile ukubhaqa kwangethuba kwaye usebenzise izibulali-zinambuzane xa zisencinci. Ngokubanzi, kusetyenziswa oomatshini bokuchumisa okanye ukusasaza ngesandla izibulali-zinambuzane ukulawula izinambuzane. Emva kweentsuku ezintathu, ingca enobungozi iya kususwa kwaye isisombululo se-urea siya kuphinda sisetyenziswe. Ukukhula kuya kuqalisa emva kweveki. Ulawulo lwesichumiso kunye namanzi ngexesha elicothayo kufuneka luqiniswe kunakwixesha elichumayo, kwaye ukuchumisa okungaphezulu kweengcambu kunokwandiswa. Kungcono ukulawula inani lazoukucheba ingca amaxesha ukuya kwi-7-8 ngonyaka.
4. Ulawulo lwenqanaba lokuwohloka kwengca
Ingca yaqala ukubola unyaka nonyaka emva kweminyaka eli-10 yokutyala, yaza yonakala kakhulu emva kweminyaka eli-15 yokutyala. Ulawulo lwamanzi, ukutshintshana ngamaxesha omileyo namanzi, kunye nokuthintela ngokungqongqo ukugcwala kwamanzi, kungenjalo kuya kuyenza mandundu ukubola kweengcambu kwaye kufe. Qinisa ukuhlolwa kunye nokuthintela izinambuzane nezifo. Ngeli xesha, kufuneka kongezwe isichumiso esingaphezulu. Izichumisi ezikhethekileyo zengca zingatshizwa kumagqabi ukuze zongeze ngokupheleleyo iimfuno ezahlukeneyo zengca. Izondlo zezityalo. Iindawo ezifileyo zingatyalwa kwakhona ngokupheleleyo. Ingca ebolileyo iphinda ikhule kancinci emva kokuba inqunyulwe, kwaye inani lamaxesha ingca enqunyulwe ngawo akufuneki lidlule amaxesha ama-6 unyaka wonke. Ukongeza, ngenxa yokuba ingca ephambili incinci, ukhula kulula ukulukhulisa kwaye kufuneka lugrunjwe ngexesha. Ulawulo kufuneka luqiniswe ngokupheleleyo ngeli xesha ukuze kulibazise ngempumelelo ukubola kwengca.
Ixesha leposi: Julayi-19-2024